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Therefore, the current study experimentally investigated whether the body satisfaction of veiled Muslim women (n = 66) decreased after exposure to thin media images compared to pictures of furniture as a control condition. However, there is no experimental research on veiled Muslim women’s state body image. Furthermore, religiosity and the Islamic body covering are discussed as protective factors against a negative trait body image. However, there is evidence that theistic affirmations might buffer against the negative effect of media on body image. Research in diverse populations has often found that thin media images negatively affect women’s state body image, with many women reporting lower body satisfaction after exposure to pictures of thin models than before exposure. The “lift big–get big” culture is perhaps pervasive enough that most conditions merely reinforced existing beliefs. Conclusions: Although hyper-muscular bodies alone did not influence RT beliefs, new information, i.e., “evidence-based RT” combined with a hyper-muscular physique had a small effect.

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A small effect was found comparing “lift big–get big” conditions with both hyper-muscular and lean physiques and the control condition, the former more likely to agree free weights are necessary for hypertrophy. Small to moderate effects were found comparing “evidence-based RT” with a hyper-muscular physique to “lift big–get big” conditions with both hyper-muscular and lean physiques, the latter more likely to agree free weights and heavy loads are necessary for strength. Univariate analyses showed significant effects of condition regarding the importance of free weights and heavy loads for strength, and free weights for hypertrophy. There was a small significant effect of condition for multivariate analysis of beliefs regarding RT.

Results: Descriptive data suggested belief in necessity of heavy loads and free weights was pervasive. Method: An online survey was conducted with male participants (N = 110) randomized to different images (hyper-muscular/lean/control) and RT information (“lift big–get big”/“evidence based RT”/control). This study investigated this “lift big–get big” culture and effects of imagery on males’ beliefs regarding RT. However, evidence for media effects are inconsistent in the literature. Purpose: It has been suggested that the media influence beliefs regarding ideal body appearance and drive for muscularity whilst also offering recommendations for achieving this most commonly heavy load free weight resistance training (RT). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) The evidence further did not support substantive links between media use and eating disorder symptoms. Taken together, it is concluded that media effects are generally minimal and limited to those with preexisting body dissatisfaction. Further, contrary to expectations, effect sizes were generally smaller for child samples than for adult and college student samples. However, some evidence emerged that publication bias issues may be inflating effect size estimates in some areas of study. Little evidence emerged for ethnic differences or differences across media types. Effects were minimal for most females as well although some evidence suggested that women with preexisting body dissatisfaction may be primed by media ideals, particularly in experimental studies. Results indicate little evidence for media effects in males. Outcomes included general body dissatisfaction, restrictive eating, and symptoms of eating disorders.

The current meta-analysis, the most comprehensive to date with 204 studies, sought to examine the effects of thin or muscular media ideals on men and women in experimental, correlational, and longitudinal studies. More recently several scholars have contested this issue suggesting that media effects may be small to negligible or limited to groups of individuals already at risk for body dissatisfaction.

Many scholars have concluded that thin-ideal media can have an appreciable effect on viewers. The issue of thin-ideal (or muscularity ideal for males) media effects on viewers continues to be debated and discussed within the scientific community.

Peter furgeson beholder 2 party recording